BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF POWERED TOBACCO IN ENUGU (MARYLAND) FOR THE PRESENCE OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
ABSTRACT
Bacteriological examination of tobacco powder was carried out to identify the presence of bacterial organisms involved during and after processing of tobacco powder. Six (6) genera of bacteria were isolated from different samples of powdered tobacco (snuff) collected from different locations using sterilized bioju bottles and were analyzed using culture and microscopic method. The bacteria genera identified were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus fecaelis, Proteus vulgaris and Bacillus subtilis. The source of these contaminations could be through exposure to the soil, dust, during growth processing, storage and consumption. They unavoidably get contam/inated thus there was no production process line that could be 100% bacteriologically hygienic.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0    Introduction    -    -    -    -    -    -    -   
1.1    Background of the study        -    -    -    -   
1.2    Statement of problem    -    -    -    -    -   
1.3    Objective of the study    -    -    -    -    -   
1.4    Hypothesis    -    -    -    -    -    -    -   
1.5    Significance of the study-        -    -    -    -   
1.6    Scope of the study    -    -    -    -    -    -   
1.7    Definition of terms    -    -    -    -    -    -   
1.8    Limitation of the study    -    -    -    -    -    4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0    Literature review    -    -    -    -    -    -   
2.1    process of tobacco curing        -    -    -    -   
2.1.1 Method of tobacco curing-    -    -    -    -   
2.2    Pathogens involved in tobacco curing    -    -   
2.3    Production of powdered tobacco    -    -    -   
2.3.1    The grinding process of tobacco powder    -   
2.3.2    Packaging infrastructure    -    -    -    -   
2.4    Contamination of tobacco powder-    --    -    -   
2.5    Legal control of tobacco production    -    -    -   
2.5.1    Overall objective of legal control of tobacco     -   
2.5.2    Specific objectives of legal control of tobacco -   
2.6    Policies to reduce supply of tobacco products    -   
2.7    Expanding international cooperation in tobacco control    - 
2.8    Implementation of national tobacco policies    -   
2.9    Implementation of national tobacco program    -   
CHAPTER THREE
3.0    Materials and methods    -    -`-    -    -    -   
3.1    Materials (appendix)    -    -    -    -    -   
3.2    Methods of collection of samples    -    -    -   
3.2.1    Sterilization of glasswares    -    -    -    -   
3.2.2    Collection of samples        -    -    -    ---   
3.3    Culture procedure    -    -    -    -    -    -   
3.4    Preparation of culture media    -    -    -    -   
3.4.1    Inoculation of media    -    -    -    -    -   
3.4.2    Isolation of bacteria    -    -    -    -    -   
3.5    Gram staining-    -    -    -    -    -    -    -   
3.5.1    Identification of isolates     -    -    -    -   
3.6    Biochemical tests for identification of isolated bacteria -
3.6.1    Motility test     -    -    -    --    -    -    -   
3.6.2    Catalase test-    -    -    -    -    -    -   
3.6.3    Coagulase test    -    -    -    -    -    -   
3.6.4    Methylated test     -    -    -    -    -    -   
3.6.5    Sugar fermentation tests     -    -    -    -   
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0    Result         -    -    -    -    -    -    -   
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0    Discussion, recommendation and conclusion    -   
5.1    Discussion     -    -    -    -    -    -    -   
5.2    Conclusion     -    -    -    -    -    -    -   
5.3    Recommendation     -    -    -    -    -    -   
    References -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -   
    Appendix     -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -   
LIST OF TABLE
Table 1:     Collection of powdered tobacco from five different zones     -    -    -    -    -    -    -   
Table 2:    Morphological characteristics of bacteria in powdered tobacco     -    -    -    -    -   
Table 3:     Biochemical test on isolated bacteria    -   
Table 4:     Standard plate count of different colonies isolated –
Table 5:    Percentage occurrence of each isolate     -     
CHAPTER ONE
1.0    INTRODUCTION
1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Tobacco powder is a fine-ground smokeless tobacco products that could be taken by breathing it into the nose i.e snuffing or by tucking it between the lower lips and the gum and can also be referred to as snuff tobacco (Whitty, 2009) it is an agricultural product processed from the leaves of plants in the genus nicotiana. It is a crop that leeches nutrients such  as phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium from the soil at a rate higher than any other major crop (Wilson, 2004).
Tobacco contain a higher concentration of nicotine which is a powerful neurotoxin that is harmful to insects and it is the compound responsible for the additive nature of tobacco use. There are various processes involved in manufacturing of the product. The cured tobacco leaves is grounded to fine particles without leaving a single tobacco leaf uncrushed (Edem, 2004).
The use of tobacco is an activity that is practiced by many people especially the adults. The world Health Organization reports it to be the leading preventable cause of death world wide and estimates that it currently causes millions of death per year.
1.2    STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Tobacco is a good source of energy when taken, but during the tobacco production it may be contaminated with bacteria, and some of these bacteria are pathogenic to human, which can cause heart failure and can also lead to death.
1.3    OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1.    The main objective of this research work is examination of bacteria in powdered tobacco (snuff) sold in Mary land Enugu.
2.    To identify the pathogenic bacteria among the bacteria isolated
1.4    HYPOTHESIS
1.    Bacteria is contained in a powdered tobacco
2.    Bacteria is not contained in a powdered tobacco
1.5    SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research work will be a source of information and to educate the people tobacco dealers and the consumers, on the danger of handling of powdered tobacco.
1.6    SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This project report is limited only on a bacteriological examination of powdered tobacco sold in Maryland for the presence of pathogenic bacteria.
1.7    DEFINITION OF TERMS
Tobacco powder is a fine-ground smokeless tobacco products which the most popular use of it is to take a pinch between ones thumb and forefinger and sniff it highly into the nose or by tucking it between the lower lips and the gum or it can also be sniffed with the modern bullets available.
1.8    LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This work is limited to bacteriological examination of powdered tobacco sold at Maryland Enugu for the presence of pathogenic bacteria due to lack of time and financial problem.